dianeTis saqmeTa
sammarTvelos gamomcemloba
saxalxo wignebi

Targmna
Tamaz miqelaZem

grafika da dizaini
bilal ilkai

Seucvleli yurani da islamis xelovneba

yurani da damwerloba

muhiTTin serin

yurani „bednierebis xanidan“ moyolebuli didi yuradRebiT iwereboda, izepirebdnen da mudmivad kiTxulobdnen da ase moaRwia Cvenamde. swavlulebi saukuneebis manZilze yuranis damwerlobis daxvewaze muSaobdnen, raTa misi wakiTxva advili yofiliyo da amasTanave mas hqonoda vizualuri silamaze. am procesSi xelovnebis konkretuli mimarTulebiT muslimTa SesaZleblobebi gamoikveTa, romelic mnaxvelis Tu mkiTxvelis gemovnebas akmayofilebda.

emevebis mmarTvelobis dros zepirsityvierebidan werilobiT kulturisken gadasvla daiwyo. am dros ganviTarda rogorc weris, ise wignad Sekvris xerxebi. garda amisa am sferoSi mravali profesionali gadamweri muSaobda. yuranis teqstis dawera jer kidev hijramde daiwyo da es procesi Suamavlis meTvalyureobiT xorcieldeboda.

islamis warmoSobis periodSi hijazis regionSi oris saxis damwerloba iyo. erTi iyo martivi, romelsac „meSq“ ewodeboda, xolo meore SedarebiT rTuli, mowesrigebuli asoebiT gamorCeuli iyo, romelsac „jezmi“ ewodeboda. yureiSis xalxSi mxolod Cvidmeti kaci iyo, romlebmac es damwerloba icoda. im droisaTvis arabeTSi damwerlobis kultura saTanadod ar iyo ganviTarebuli, samagierod zepirsityviereba sakmaod maRal safexurze idga.

Tavidan cota xani RvTiuri gzavnilebi im droisaTvis arsebuli orive damwerlobiT iwereboda, magram mogvinabiT erT-erTi SeirCa da yuranis aiaTebs geometriuli damwerlobiT, „jezm“-iT werdnen. aseve cnobilia, rom hz. alis am damwerlobis sityvebis, asoebisa da winadadebebis zogierTi kanonzomierebis CamoyalibebaSi monawileoba aqvs miRebuli.

Suamavlis moRvaweobis periodSi gadamwerebi sawer resursad tyavs, merqnisgan damzadebul Txel dafebs, aqlemis Zvlebs, xurmis xis foTlebs, qvebs da keramikul nivTebs iyenebdnen. pergamenti gamZle iyo, amitom Suamavlis moTxovniT RvTiur gzavnilebs pergamentze werdnen. egvipturi papirusi da induri TeTri abreSumi Zalian Zviri iyo, magram maTac werisTvis iyenebdnen.

yurani calke wignad xalifa abu baqaris dros Seikra, xolo xalifa osmanis dros misi gamravlebs procesi daiwyo.

emevebis dros mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sfero gamococxlda, ris Sedegadac yuranisa da sxva wignebis wera, dakabadoneba da akinZva ufro farTod gavrcelebuli movlena gaxda. aseve mravlad iyvnen yuranis gadamwerebic. yuranis gadamwerebi mTel TavianT energias da codnas weris esTetikuri silamazisTvis xarjavdnen. gadamwerebis gamocdileba imatebda mis kvaldakval ufro ufro ixveweboda teqstic.

emevebis periodSi aseve mniSvnelovani winsvla iyo teqstSi daSvebuli teqnikuri Secdomebis sruli aRmofxvra da teqstis iseT formaSi moyvana, rom misi wakiTxva maqsimalurad ioli yofiliyo. ebul esved ed duelis iniciativiT teqsts daurTes mrgvali, wiTeli wertilebi da sxva sasveni niSnebi. am periodSi Camoyalibda stili, romelic ukve dRemdea SenarCunebuli.

yuranis teqstTan da mis formebTan dakavSirebiT bevri msjeloba da kamaTi mimdinareobda. aRniSnuli kamaTi muslimebis mier yuranis dacvis sakiTxSi gamoCenil sensitiurobas ukavSirdeboda. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT msjelobebi meTerTmete saukunemde gagrZelda. Semdeg swavlulebma aRiares, rom sasveni niSnebi aucilebeli iyo. garda amisa gadawyda, rom suras dasawyisSi misi saxeli daeweraT, aiaTebis erTimeorisgan gancalkevebis mizniT specialuri niSnebi daesvaT da a.S. am periodSi gamoiyo juzebi, hizbi da sxva.

yuranis teqstis dasawerad arabulis garda sxva damwerlobis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. yuranis damwerloba, asoebis moyvaniloba, maTi zoma da Sexameba harmoniuladaa gawonasworebuli, raTa is advilad sakiTxavi da mkiTxvelisTvis yovelmxriv mimzidveli yofiliyo. vizualurad lamazi naweri mkiTxvelSi pativiscemis grZnobas iwvevs. surebis dasaxelebebi, movlinebis adgili, aiaTebis raodenoba gansxvavebuli formiTaa dawerili da es misaRebad iTvleba. aseve nebadarTulia gverdebis irgvliv cariel velebze aSris, hizbisa da sejdes niSnebis dawera.

islmuri weriTi xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoria meTxuTmete saukuneSi Tavis srulyofilebis etapze mivida. stambolSi, am periodisTvis cnobili iyo amasiali Seix hamdullahis skola. xelnaweris ostatebis saukunovanma gamocdilebam am mxriv gansakuTrebuli miRwevebi ganaxorciela. yuranis wignebi anu „nusxafebi“ nesihis damwerlobis saxiT iwereboda. amrigad yurani ufro iolad, gadabmulad da sadad ikiTxeboda. garda amisa, gverdebis raodenoba, xazebsa da striqonebs Soris manZili da zogadad dizaini saukeTeso formiT iqna warmodgenili. teqsti aseve daculi iyo zedmeti, gadatvirTuli gaformebisagan.

Seix hamduulahis Semdeg meoce saukunemde osmaleTis sulTnebisa da sxva saxelmwifo moxeleebis TanadgomiT yuranis wignebis Seqmna-gavrceleba umaRles safexuramde avida. Seixis mier dawyebul epoqas hafizma osmanma axali sicocxle SesZina da damatebiT esteTikuri elementebi daamata. pirvelad yurani 1871 wels stambolSi daibeWda.

islamur civilizaciaSi yuranisa da wignis mimarT udidesma siyvarulma da pativiscemam ganapiroba is, rom weris xelovneba umaRles safexurze avida da aqedan gamomdinare, muslimi xalxis gemovnebisa da tradiciebis mixedviT mravali saxis teqnika, feri, kompozicia da sxva elementebi Seiqmna da ganviTarda.

motivebis usasrulo Zaxili:

movarayebis xelovneba

ali riza ozjan

warsulis tradiciaze damyarebuli xelovnebis sferodan erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movarayebis xelovnebaa. arabulad Tezhif oqroTi gawyobas, mooqrovebas niSnavs. xelnawer wignebs umetesad oqroTi avarayebdnen xolme, amitom ewoda es saxeli. xelovnebis am sferoSi oqrosTan erTad pogmentebisgan miRebuli saRebavebic gamoiyeneboda. movarayeba gamoiyeneboda, rogorc Cveni wminda wignis yuranis ydis mosapirkeTeblad, ise sxva religiuri Tu saero mniSnelovani wignebis SemTxvevaSic.

rac Seexeba Turqul tradicias, aRniSnuli xelovnebis warsuli „uigur“ Turqebamde midis. is sxva da sxva teritoriaze sxva tradiciul kulturasa da xelovnebasTan sinTezSi mravalferovani gaxda da amrigad tradiciuli gza gaiara.

muslimi xelovnebi garesamyarodan aRebul „obieqtebs“ pirdapir ar asuraTebdnen da es obieqtebi pirdapiri saxiT ar gadmohqondaT. xelovnebis mizani absoluturi WeSmaritebis Ziebaa. aqedan gamomdinare xelovnebi cdilobdnen aReqvaT RvTiuri Zala da amisaTvis garesamyaros akvirdebodnen da swavlobdnen. amis Semdeg isini TavianTi gemovnebisa da talantis mixedviT xelovnebis nimuSebs qmnidnen. RvTis sityvis Sesabamisi formiT dawera iyo is motivi, romlis gamoc xelnaweri nimuSebis esoden mdidari nimuSebi Seiqmna.

muslimi xelovanisTvis Zalian mniSnelovani saqme iyo im wminda wignis dizainze muSaoba, romlisac mas swamda. moxatvis xelovanebi figurebis daxatvas gaurbodnen. marTalia mcire raodenobiT fugurebic SeiniSneboda, magram maTi absoluturi umravlesoba figurebis gareSe iyo gakeTebuli. emevebis, abbasebis, mamlukTa da selCukTa mmarTvelobis periodis xelovnebaSi geometriuli ornamentebis hegemonia igrZnoba. es geometriuli motivebi mnaxvels usasrulobisken izidavda da im drois xelovnebaSi yvelaze xSrad iyo gamoyenebuli.

anatoliis selCukTa mmarTvelobis periodSic moxatvis xelovnebaSi geometriuli motivebi Warbobda. rac Seexeba osmaleTis imperias, am dros aRmosavleTidan mosuli Tu moyvanili xelovanebis kvali mniSvnelovnad SeiniSneba.

didi selCukTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg selCukebma xelovnebis es tradicia anatoliaSi moitanes. anatoliis selCukTa xelovnebis mTavari xazi sisadavea. es mimarTuleba osmalTa imperiaSi agrZelebda arsebobas.

faTihis periodSi wignisa da wignTan dakavSirebuli xelovnebis mniSneloba ufro gaizarda da dReisaTvis cnobili faTihis periodis stili im periodSi Camoyalibda. faTihis periodSi sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan stambolSi cnobili xelovanebi Camoiyvanes.

me-16 saukune movarayeba-moxatvis xelovnebaSi yvelaze gamorCeuli iyo. gansakuTrebuli aRmasvla SeiniSneboda am saukunis meore naxevarSi.

meCvidmete saukuneSi dawyebuli dasavluri tendenciebi meTvramete saukuneSi ufro gavrcelda. meTvramete saukuneSi osmaluri imperiis karebi dasavluri kulturisTvis gaixsna da aman Sesabamisi gavlenebi iqonia. swored dasavleTidan Semovida xelovnebis iseTi stili, rogoricaa baroki, ampiri da rokoko.

yuranis dizainsa da moxatvaze momuSave xelovanebi iTvaliswinebdnen ra yuranisadmi Zlier mowiwebas, masTan Seusabamo mxatvrobisa da gadaWarbebisagan Tavs ikavebdnen. maT Seqmnes xatvis stili, romelic abstraqtul enas qmnida. islamuri msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare damkvidrebuli stili drois CarCoebs gascda da Tavisi ferTa SexamebiT gavlena iqonia aramarto wignebis mxatvrobaze, aramed marmarilos, materiis, arqiteqturisa da metalis mopirkeTebis sferozec.

movarayebas sami ZiriTadi elementi gaaCnda: motivi, ornamenti da feri. am sami elementis gaTvaliswinebiT Cven SegviZlia romelime xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmnis TariRi davadginoT. yvela epoqas Tavisi gemovneba da aRqmis Taviseburebebi gaaCnda.

moxatva-movarayebis formebis Camoyalibeba xazebis gavlebiT daiwyo. xazebis siswore da kompoziciaSi gameoreba mTlianobis erTianad aRqmas ganapirobebda. xazebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili geometriuli mxatvroba TiTqmis yvela eris mxatvrobaSia gamoyenebuli. amrigad, xazebze damyarebuli abstraqtuloba xelovnebis procesis sawyisad miiCneva. xazebiT dawyebuli ornamentebi Semdeg formebad gadaiqca da bolos kompoziciis forma miiRo.

moxatvis xelovneba zedapirze Sesrulebuli motivebis simetriulad ganlagebaa. simetriis usasrulod da Tavisuflad gamoyeneba zedapiris moxatulobis efeqturi meTodia. erTimeoris miyolebiT ganlagebuli simetriuli figurebi gansakuTrebul SegrZnebebs aRZravs, radgan adamianis organizmi da misi cxovrebac simetriasa da Tanmimdevrobas warmoadgens. Cven Tanmimdevrulad vsunTqavT, vmoZraobT. xelovanic Tavis xelovnebaSi Tanmimdevrobas da simetrulobas iyenebs. es aris ritmi, Tanmimdevroba, wonasworoba, moZraoba. xelovneba sicocxlis formaSi gadatanaa. xelovani Tavis Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinare qariSxlebs unda akontrolebdes. es talRebi xelovans did pasuximgeblobas sZens da xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmnisas erTgvar wrTvnas gadis.

yvelanair mwyobr sistemaSi simetria mnaxvels ndobisa da simSvidis gancdas aRuZravs. ndobis aRZvrisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania wonasworoba. SeCveulma da xSirad gameorebulma formebma SeiZleba uxeSi gancdebic gamoiwvios. gamomdinare aqedan xSirad gameorebulma simetriulma formebma mobezreba rom ar gamoiwvios, mdgomareobis Tavidan asacileblad, Sesabamis adgilebze simetriis darRveva xdeba. wignebis mxatvrobaSi gamoyenebul meTodebs Tu davakvirdebiT gamoyenebulia sul mcire ori erTnairi forma, romelic SemdgomSi mravalgzis meordeba. amas emateba ferebisa da tonalobis simetriuloba. ornamentebSi gamoyenebuli gameorebebi yuradRebas iqcevs da mnaxvelis siamovnebis aRqmas uwyobs xels. simetria yvelaze mertivi motivebiT iwyeba da qmnis erTian kompozicias, rac yvela gverdze gvxvdeba. xazebis simetriulobis garda daxurul formebsac TavianTi simetria gaaCniaT. simetria, rogorc wonasworobis elementi, mxatvrobis aucilebeli wesia.

zedapirze simetriulad ganlagebuli ritmuli gameorebebi, romlebsac Sesabamisi ferebi ukeT aRqmads xdis, calkeuli formebis mniSvnelobas kargavs da erTi mTlianobis nawilad warmoaCens.

gameorebebis saxiT warmodgenili ritmuli wesrigi gverdebis saerTo fons qmnis. amrigad, rogorc zogadad mxatvrobaSi, ise gverdebis moxatulobaSi raime siurprizs ver SevxvdebiT. es usasrulo gameorebebi mnaxvels usasrulobis fiqrs utovebs da abstraqtuli gancdebisken mihyavs.

didi formebi wina planze, xolo mis SigniT arsebuli SedarebiT patara formebi ukana planze aRiqmeba. formebs Soris zomebi da maTi urTierTkavSiri kompoziciis ritmulobas uzrunvelyofs.

adamiani Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare mudmivad wonasworobas eZebs. xelovnebis es sferoc wonasworobis xelovnebaa. xelovnebis am sferoSi wonasworoba, didi-patara, Sexameba-Seuxamebloba-Ria-daxuruli, ferebi, sicariele, es yvelaferi mTlian kompozicias qmnian. xelovnebis nimuSs sxvadasxva formebis organizebuli kavSiri qmnis.

yvela saxis xelovnebaSi, sadac ferebia gamoyenebuli, sawyisi feri SemdgomSi gamosayenebeli ferebis ganmsazRvrelia. xelovani gamosayenebeli ferebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas garkveuli principis Sesabamisad iRebs. aseve mniSvnelovania im gverdis ZiriTadi feri, romlis damuSavebac xdeba.

ferebis harmoniaSi garkveuli xelovanis mier Sesrulebuli naxati, bunebrivia, ufro gansxvavebulia, vidre iseTi namuSevari, roca ferebis SerCeva SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT xdeba. naxatis Seqmnisas mniSvnelovania ferTa Sexameba, harmonia da maTi monacvleoba.

zedapiris moxatulobis ZiriTadi principebidan erT-erTi wina-ukana fonebis urTierTSexamebaa. wignebis moxatvis xelovnebaSi es wesi motivebisa da fonis Sexamebis gziT xorcieldeba. ZiriTadi ferebi, rogorc dasavlur mxatvrobaSia, Ria ferebidan muqisken ar ixreba. xelovnebis am mimarTulebaSi yvelaze xSirad lurji feri gamoiyeneboda. lurji feri civ ferad iTvleba da yvelaze gvian aRiqmeba, swored amitom iyenebdnen mas fonisaTvis. rodesac foni lurjia da Semdeg masze sxva feria datanili, es lurjis aRqmas ufro amcirebs. xelnaweri wignebs zogadad axlodan uyureben da kiTxuloben, amitom 25-30 santimetris manZilze myofi gverdis feris SerCeva did mniSvnelobas atarebda.

gverdze yvelaze metad gamoyenebuli feri fonad aRiqmeba xolme. wignebis moxatvis xelovnebaS yvelaze xSirad, rogorc zeviT iqna aRniSnuli, lurji feri gamoiyeneboda. masTan erTad aseve gamoiyeneboda cisferi da mwvane, romlebic aseve e. w. civi ferebis kategoriaSi Sedis. lurji feri da misi sxvadasxva tonaloba saukuneebis manZilze dominant fers warmoadgenda. aseTi civi ferebi mnaxvelze damamSvidebel efeqts axdens da siCumisken ubiZgebs.

wignebis mxatvrobaSi aseve gamoiyeneboda oqroc. oqro Zvirfasi liTonia, amitom misiT mopirkeTebuli wigni TviTRirebulebiTac Zvifrasi iyo. oqroze dacemuli sinaTle nakeTobas ufro efeqturs xdida. garda amisa yviTeli feri Tavisi talRovani ganzomilebiT yvelaze adre SesamCnevi feria.

teqstTan Sexamebuli ornamentebi Tvals ar aRizianebs. mTlian kompoziciaSi warmodgenili, naweris sididan dawyebuli yvela detali Tu Sexamebulia, es xelovanis did profesionalizmze metyvelebs. motivebis Semadgeneli xazebis Sexamebuli sidide gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi es wesi ucvleli iyo; swori Sexameba, swori mxatvrobaa. es wesi Tanamedrove mxatvrobaSic moqmedia.

wignis moxatvis ostatebis moqmedebis areali teqstis itgvliv darCenili carieli adgilebia. rac Seexeba sicarieles, is ornamentsa da teqsts Soris darCenili sivrcea. naxatsa da teqsts Soris Sexamebuli gardasvliT, mkiTxvelisTvis sasiamovnod da iolad aRqmis pirobebi iqmneba.

xelovanis sulieri mdgomareoba mis xelovnebaSi aucilebel anarekls hpovebs. ra Seexeba teqnologias da teqnologiur ganviTarebas, maT roli xelovnebaSic didia da am sferoSic gaiolebis saSualebebia. xelovnebis nimuSi adamianis gonebaSi warmoiqmneba, grZnobebiT Seimoseba da Sromis Sedegad formas iZens.

mgrZnobiare hangi;

gonivruli leqsi:

ebru- wyalze xatvis xelovneba

hiqmeT baruTjugil

ebru saidumloebis samyarodan farul silamazec gvTavazobs da is Zalian saintereso xelovnebaa. misi Tavdapirveli saxeli iyo ebre. misi warmoSoba iranTanaa dakavSirebuli, amitom ewoda abru, anu ebru, romelic wylis zedapirs niSnavs.

ebru, anu wyalze xatvis xelovneba islamis xelovnebaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs.

Turqi xalxi islams Zalian didi rwmeniT moekidnen. isini, rogorc yvela sferoSi, xelovnebaSic RvTiuri silamazis warmoCenas cdilobdnen. Turqebis arqiteqtura, musika da xelovnebis sxva dargebi mistikuri silamaziTaa gaJRenTili. meTerTmete-mecxramete saukuneebSi TurqTa cxovrebaSi „ostati-Segirdis“ meTodi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, rac axali xelovanebis aRzrdas da xelovnebis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemasTan erTad, mis daxvewas uzrunvelyofda. arsebobs mravali xelovnebis nimuSi, romlebsac „derviSTa zrdilobidan“ gamomdinare avtoris saxelic ki ar aweria, amitom avtoris vinaoba ucnobi darCa.

Turqebma wignebis werisa da maTi moxatvis xelovnebac umaRles doneze aiyvanes. am sferos aseTi mniSvneloba, ra Tqma unda yuranma SesZina. maT arabuli damwerlobis mravali nimuSi Seqmnes da es sfero srulyofilebamde ganaviTares. wignebis gasalamazeblad ebrus meTods iyenebdnen.

garda amisa, osmaleTis imperiaSi ebrus xelovnebas oficialur dokumentebsa da mniSvnelovan werilebSi iyenebdnen. silamazis garda ebrus xelovneba nawers icavda gafuWebisa da waSlisagan. dRes notariusSi dasamowmebeli dokumentis gverdebs nomraven da TiToeuls amowmeben, swored ase akeTebdnen osmaleTis imperiis oficialuri dokumentebis damzadebisas da am procesSi TiToeuli gverdis damuSavebisas ebrus xelovneba gamoiyeneboda. amiT gverdebis Camateba, an amokleba SeuZlebeli xdeboda. aRniSnuli meTodi dresac ki gamoiyeneba, magram oficialur doneze aRar aris warmodgenili.

ebru mxolod xatva an teqnikuri samuSao ar gaxlavT, is mgrZnobiare hangi da gonivruli leqsia.

teqnikurad ebru metalis oqsidebis da saRebavebis wylis zedapirze gaSvebis Sedegad keTdeba. ebrus nivTierebebis damzadebis dros garkveuli formulebis codnaa saWiro, Tumca sabolood miRebuli gamosaxulebis sruli aRwera SeuZlebelia. gamosaxulebis Seqmnis procesSi Careva da sasurveli formebis micema xelovans TiTqmis ar SeuZlia. am mimarTulebiT misi roli mcirea. mxatvari funjs iRebs da saRebavs wyalSi uSvebs, magram man ar icis, romeli saRebavi sad wava da ra farTobze gaiSleba. amis gakontroleba SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad aq aris raRac faruli, SemTxveviTi.

wylis zedapirze warmoqmnili ornamentebi mikro da makro kosmoss Soris arsebuli usasrulobis msgavsi gamosaxulebebia. kosmosidan miRebuli planeta veneras fotoebi, sisxlis ujredis eleqtro-mikroskopuli gamosaxuleba, sapnis qafisgan, an avtomobilidan daRvrili zeTis mier wylis zedapirze warmoqmnili ornamentebi Zalian hgavs ebruTi Sesrulebul gamosaxulebebs. eqimebis mier gamoyenebuli histologiuri atlasebi aseve Zalian hgavs ebrus xelovnebiT miRebul gamosaxulebebs. neta am xlovnebas xom ar surs gvaCvenos iseTi gamosaxulebebi, romlebic samyaroSi arsebobs, magram Cven ver vxedavT? neta, mikro an makro kosmosidan mosuli informacia xom ar aris am xelovnebaSi? iqneb sicocxlis gaCenis Sesaxeb gviambobs?

ebru iseTi xelovnebaa, romlis gageba an axsna usasxulobis axsnas gavs. Cveni mwiri sityvis maragiT misi axsna Zalian rTulia. Cven mas aRvwerT, rogorc pirveli codna, RvTiuri Canafiqri da a.S. magram es sityvebi mainc materialuri mimarTulebis gamomxatvelia. Cven gvinda Tu ar gvinda am materialurobis CarCoebisgan ver vTavisufldebiT. RmerTi yvelafers moicavs, Cven ki am moculobis nawili varT. moculi veranairad axsnis momcvels. ebru TiTqos am auxsnelis SigTavss, formamiuRebeli arsebobis ZiriTadi xazebis usasrulobas warmogvidgens. is im gagrZelebas gvTavazobs, romlis usasrulobasa da silamazes vgrZnobT, magram ver gamovxatavT. Sesabamisad Cven mis dasasruls ver davinaxavT. sul usasrulobaa, mudmivi usasruloba. ebrus xelovnebis miRma RvTiuri silamaze, dasawyisisa da dasasrulis armqone silamaze Cans. wylis zedapirze warmoqmnili gamosaxulebebi gvaxsenebs im aiaTs, romelic gvauwyebs, rom yvelaferi wylidan aris gaCenili. es idumalebis mTeli jaWvia, romelsac ver aRwer. iqneb es gamosaxulebebi adre gvinaxavs, gvigvrZnia, magram ver vixsenebT. iqneb gamceni Cveni gaCenis Sesaxeb saidumlos gvimxels. neta „mas“ veZebT? ar vici. am usasrulobis sasruli ra aris, an sad aris? ar vici. Tumca, wylis zedapirze rac xdeba, es mxolod da mxolod feradi qaRaldis istoria ar aris.

mevlana ambobs: „mizani monaTxrobidan wilis miRebaa da ara Senze am ambis moyola. RmerTma mapatios, Cemi monayoli mSrali istoriebi ar gaxlavT. dafiqrdi. es Cemi da Seni dRevandeli mdgomareobaa“. neta, ebrus xelovnebiTa da fiqriT samyarosa da gamCenze zogi saidumlos amoxsnas SevZlebT? zedapiris miRma, feradi qaRaldis miRma kidev aris raime? mevlana ambobs, rom Tu adamiani sakuTar egoizms Tavs ver daaRwevs, misi codna WeSmarit codnad ar gadaiqceva, is ver Caswvdeba Tavisi gaCenis saidumlos da namdvil adamianad yofnis saidumlos ver gaigebs. am SemTxvevaSi adamianebi silamazes ver Caswvdebian da mudmivad gulgatexilobaSi icxovreben.

yuranTan erTad arsebuli silamaze:

wignis ydis keTebis xelovneba

ahmeT saim ariTani

„wignebis ydaSi Casmis xelovneba Turq-islamuri xelovnebis erT-erTi nawilia, magram es silamaze calke ar yofila da is yovelTvis RvTis gzavnilTan, yuranTan erTad iyo. silamazis damcveli silamaze...“

TxuTmeti saukunis winaT kacobriobas islamis pativi xvda wilad da mis Semdeg, sul mcire xanSi islamma Tavisi kultura da civilizacia Seqmna. eris meoba Tavisi kulturiT, religiiT, eniT, tradiciebiT da xelovnebiT ganisazRvreba. xelovneba ki civilizaciis xiluli formaa.

Turq-islamuri xelovnebis istoriaSi TxuTmetamde xelovnebis dargia, romlebic or jgufad iyofa. pirveli aris meCeTTan dakavSirebuli, xolo meore yuranTan dakavSirebuli xelovnebis dargebi. meCeTTan dakavSirebuli xelovnebis dargebia arqiteqtura, mopirkeTeba, mxatvroba da sxva. rac Seexeba yuranTan dakavSirebul xelovnebis mimarTulebebs, esenia: xelnaweri, ydis gakeTeba, movarayeba, mxatvroba, ebru da sxva.

amrigad, rogorc mraval sxva religiaSi, islamSic xelovnebis wyaro da xelovanis mamotivirebeli Zala sarwmunoeba da rwmenaa.

nebismieri wignis gareTa nawils, romelic wigns kravs da daSlisagan icavs yda ewodeba. Tavdapirvelad ydas risgan amzadebdnen, xolo mogvianebiT ukve -tyavisgan. ydis damzadebisas tyavis gamoyeneba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda da garda tyavisa iyenebdnen qaRalds, materias da sxva.

„wigni sarwmunoebis yvelaze wminda saganZuria. asea yurani muslimebisTvis. am siwmindis dasacavad muslimebi yvelaze lamaz ydebSi svamdnen. am suliskveTebiT ganviTarebuli ydaSi Casmis xelovneba dasavlur analogiur xelovnebaze win wavida. am mxriv TurqTa miRwevevbi ki islamur qveynebs Soris mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs.

xelovnebis es dargi Sua aziaSi Seiqmna. VII-XV saukuneebSi mesopotamiaSi, eraySi, iranSi, anatoliasa egvipteSi am mxriv mniSvnelovani tradiciebi Camoyalibda. TurqmenTa axalma stilma osmalurTan erTad Turquli mimarTuleba Seqmna, romelmac meTeqvsmete saukuneSi italiidan dawyebuli evropis tradiciebzec iqonia gavlena.

tyavSi Casmuli wigni pirvelad iuRurebma Seqmnes. aRniSnuli wignebi miniaturebiTa da naxatebiT iyo Semkuli.

IX saukuneSi xalifa muTasim billahis iniciativiT uiRuri Turqebi samaraSi dasaxldnen da wignebis keTebis xelovneba ganaviTares. swored maTi damsaxurebiT gavrcelda es xelovneba mTel islamur samyaroSi. pirveli islamuri nimuSebi (868-905) wlebSi unda iyos Seqmnili. aRniSnuli xelovneba meTormete saukunebmde fatimebis, gaznelebisa da selCukebis dros ufro da ufro viTardeboda. 1100 wels Seqmnili egzemplari dRes saxezea. meTerTmete saukunidan selCukebi anatoliaSi gadavidnen da hegemonia aiRes, ris Sedegadac xelovnebis es dargi anatoliaSic ganviTarda. Semdgom saukuneebSi Zalian TvalsaCino nimuSebi Seiqmna, romlebic aRniSnuli xelovnebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikaveben.

anatoliis selCukTa mier Seqmnili stili me-13 saukunis bolosken mamluqebma gaagrZeles, xolo Semdeg anatoliis samTavroebSi gagrZelda.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia me-16 saukune. am saukuneSi TurqTa politikuri mdgomareoba udidesi warmatebebiT iyo gamorCeuli. aman Tavisi gavlena xelovnebis sferozec iqonia. am dros Seiqmna xelovnebis TvalsaCino nimuSebi.

me-17 saukunidan osmalTa imperiaSi ukusvla SeiniSneboda. aman Tavisi gavlenebi xelovnebis sferosac daaCnia. am periodis wignebze dakvirvebisas aSkara ukusvla SeiniSneba.

wina saukunis ukusvla me-18 saukunis klasikurma aRmavlobis periodma Caanacvla. ahmed III –mmarTvelobis dros (1703-1730) misi siZis ibrahim faSas xelSewyobiTa da TanadgomiT Zalian mniSvnelovani nimuSebi Seiqmna.

me-18 saukuneSi wignebis ydis damzadebaSi tradiciulad isev tyavs iyenebdnen. amasTanave sxvadasxva saxis da meTodebis ganviTareba SeiniSneboda.

me-19 saukuneSi tyavTan erTad atlasisa da xaverdis gamoyeneba daiwyes. am dros mzaddeboda rogorc dasavluri tipis tyavis ydebi, ise varskvlaviani, anu oqroTi movarayebuli naxevarmTavarisa da varskvlavis gamosaxulebiani ydebic.

Turquli stilis wignis ydis keTebis xelovneba Sua aziidan moyolebuli, anatoliaSi, CrdiloeT afrikasa da evropaSic iyo gavrcelebuli da mas safuZvliani warsuli gaaCnia. xelovnebis am sferos uiRurebma, gaznelebma, selCukebma, Timurelebma da osmalebma didi kvali daaCnies.

klasikuri Turquli wignis beWdvis xelovneba da yuranis ydis damzadeba

islam seCeni

islamis miRebis Semdeg Turqebi am sarwmunoebas mTeli guliT miejaWvnen da mis samsaxurSi Cadgnen. islamis safuZveli yurania, amitom is yvela wignze maRla daayenes. yuranis Sesaxeb arsebobs cnobili gamonaTqvami: „yurani hijazSi CamobrZanda, egvipteSi waikiTxes da stambolSi daiwera“. es gamonaTqvami realobasTan Sesabamisia. aseTi statusis damsaxureba advili sulac ar yofila. yurani rom daiweros da wignad iqces, ramodenime etapia gasavleli. yuranis dasawerad jer qaRaldis furclebs amzadeben, Rebaven da amuSaveben. damuSaveba gadamwerebs saqmes uolebda. damuSavebis Semdeg qaRaldebi ikeceboda da gverdebi inomreboda. Semdeg gadamwerebi yuranis teqsts werdnen. amis Semdeg ydis Seqmnis samuSaoebi iwyeboda. ydis Semokvramde aseve ikvreboda Sida nawilic. yuranis ydebi, winac da ukanac gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT keTdeboda.

wignisa da ydis damzadeba Semdegnairad xdeba:

jer gverdebi TanmimdevrobiT lagdeba. Semdeg qaRaldis furclebis zomas iReben da specialur yalibs amzadeben.

ydisTvis yvelaze xelsayreli Txis tyavis gamoyenebaa. specialuri xelsawyo Txis tyavs Zalian aTxelebs da moqnils xdis, raTa ydaze misi dakvra gaadvildes.

damuSavebuli tyavs ydaze awbeben da specialuri xelsawyos gamoyenebiT presaven. am dros yalibebze gamosaxuli figurebi ydaze gadadis.

amis Semdeg xdeba ydis mooqroveba. oqro specialurad damuSavdeba, raTa ar moZvres.

amrigad damzadebuli ydebi wignze Semosakravad mzadaa. jer marcxena yda, xolo Semdeg marjvena ydas akraven. zemoT CamoTvlili yvela samuSao mxolod da mxolod profesionalebis mxridan keTdeba. cobilia, rom sasaxlis stambaSi ormocdaaTamde adamiani muSaobda. TiToeuli maTgani profesionali iyo, radgan maT mier Seqmnili wignebi xelovnebis nimuSebia. am wignebidan zogma dRevandelobamde moaRwia.

yuranTan dakavSirebuli sxva xelovnebis dargebi

rahle

mustafa beqTaSoRlu

xelovnebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mniSnelovani mimarTuleba xis nakeTobebis xelovnebaa da is yovelTvis farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. am xelovnebis magaliTebia meCeTis mimberi, qursi, mihrabi, Weri, moajiri, fanjara, kari, kedlebic mopirkeTeba da sxva.

rahle, gansakuTrebuli ostatobiT, xisgan damzadebuli nivTia, romlis keTebis procesis Tanmimdevrulad xeze muSaobisa da CuqurTmebis gamoyvanis xelovneba Zalian ganviTarda.

rahle rom ganvmartoT, es aris patara zomis magidis msgavsi nivTi, romelzec yurans deben da kiTxuloben. raxle SeiZleba iyos X-is formis, romelic iSleba da ikeceba. is aseve SeiZeba iyos patara magidis formis. Zvelad medreseebSi magidas da skamebs ar iyenebdnen da maswavlebelic da moswavleebic fexmorTxmiT jdebodnen. rahle swored am periodSi iyo aqtiur gamoyenebaSi da erTgvari magidis funqcias asrulebda.

rahle yuranis mimarT gansakuTrebuli pativiscemis niSnad iyo Seqmnili da mas aseve gansakuTrebuli ostatobiT akeTebdnen. rogorc xelovnebis sxva sferoebSi, rahles damzadebis xelovnebaSic osmalo ostatebi umaRles safexuramde mividnen. isini aramarto xis damuSavebis ostatebi iyvnen, isini rahleebs Zvirfasi masalebiT apirkeTebdnen.

islamis farTod gavrcelebis kvaldakval yuranis daweris da wignad Sekvris aucilebloba Seiqmna. es procesi xalifa osmanis dros daiwyo. manamde hafizebi zepirad swavlobdnen yurans da ase inarCunebdnen. pirveli rahle cota mogvianebiT, kerZod abbasebis mmarTvelobis dros Seiqmna. ufro adre gakeTebuli rahles Sesaxeb informacia ar moipoveba, magram SesaZlebelia yofiliyo.

egviptis mmarTvelis hasan abdulvehhabis gadmocemiT rahle mas Semdeg gamoigones, rac xalifa osmanma yurani ramodenime wignad gaamravlebina da did qalaqebSi saxelmZRvanelod gagzavna. es wignebi sakmaod didi zomis iyo, amitom maTi wakiTxva raimeze dadebul mdgomareobaSi SeiZleboda mxolod. am aucileblobis da amasTanave yuranis iatakidan maRla gasaCereblad, saWiro gaxda rahles gamogoneba. mogvianebiT yuranis zomebi Seicvala da rahleebic amis mixedviT mzaddeboda. rahleebis SekveTiT sultnebi da sxva warCinebulebic iyvnen dainteresebulni da es ostatebisTvis calke motivaciis mizezi gaxda.

rogorc xelovnebis sxva sferoSi gansakuTrebuli aRmasvla igrZnoboda, rogorc ganviTarda islamuri arqiteqtura, mxatvroba da mwerloba, rahles damzadeba da meTodebis umaRles donemde daixvewa.

muslimebs yurani iatakze rom ar daedoT, is rom maRla yofiliyo da amasTanave iolad waekiTxaT gamoigones rahle da mas gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT akeTebdnen. rahles nimuSebs Tu davakvirdebiT, iolad mivxvdebiT, rom es saqme xelovneba iyo da ara rigiTi durglis namuSevari. saqme RvTiur wigns exeboda, amitom aqcevdnen mas udides mniSvnelobas. TiToeuli ostati SesaZleblobebis maqsimums iyenebda, rom erTimeoreze ukeTesi nakeTobebi SeeqmnaT.

rahles damzadebisas gamoyenebuli xelovnebis erT-erTi TvalsaCino mimarTuleba masze gakeTebuli CuqurTmebi da motivebia. pirveli SexedviT maT yuradRebas aravin aqcevs, magram Tu davakvirdebiT maTi sinatife da Rirebuleba aucilblad gamoCndeba.

erTi ficrisgan damzadebuli sakeci rahle saintereso gamogonebacaa. rahles gamZleoba damokidebulia masalis jiSsa da mis simtkiceze. rahles masalas kargi SerCeva unda, radgan masze CuqurTmebi unda gakeTdes da amavdroulad is Zalian gamZle unda iyos.

rahles damzadebisTvis SerCeul ficars gansakuTrebul pirobebSi aSrobdnen, raTa bzarebi ar gasCenoda.

selCukebis mmarTvelobis periodSi damzadebuli rahleebi xelovnebis kuTxiT gansakuTrebuli sinatifiT gamoirCeoda. isini umeteswilad kaklis xis merqnisgan mzaddeboda da sadafiTa da ZvliT iyo gawyobili.

rahles mxolod yuranis kiTxvisTvis ar iyenebdnen. misi gamoyeneba medreseebSi Cveulebrivi gakveTilebis drosac xdeboda. is merxis magivrobas swevda. dResac, religiuri gakveTilebis dros, isev gamoyenebaSia.

rodesac osmaleTis samefo karze ufliswuli wera-kiTxvis asaks miaRwevda, specialur ceremonias marTavdnen da maswavlebels abarebdnen. am ceremonialis dros stumrebis winaSe Seixulislami warsdgeboda da ufliswuls anbans gaacnobda, Semdeg vedrebas aRavlenda da ufliswuls Tavis maswavlebels Caabarebda.

sulTnebis gardacvalebis Semdeg maTi sulis mosaxsenieblad meCeTebs yuransa da rahleebs sCuqnidnen. yuranisa da rahleebis meCeTSi mitana xalxs Sorisac tradiciad iyo qceuli.

rahle cnobili mxatvrebis namuSevrebSic moxvda. rahles tilo Seqmna cnobilma mxatvarma osman hamdi beim.

evlia Celebi sulTan axmedis meCeTis aRwerisas mihrapTan dalagebul rahleebsac aRwers, romlebzec yuranis wignebi iyo dalagebuli.

Tanamedrove skolebSi moswavleebi merxebTan, skamebze zian da ise mecadineoben, magram meCeTebSi traciulad Zirs sxdebian da yuranis dasadebad rahles iyeneben.